Applied Science, Electrical Principles 1 And Electronics

1. Nonlinearity of the transistor: Transistors have a nonlinear current-voltage characteristic, which means that the current flowing through the transistor is not directly proportional to the voltage applied to it. This nonlinearity can cause harmonic distortion in the output signal.
2. Saturation of the transistor: If the transistor is driven into saturation (where the collector-emitter voltage is near zero), the transistor will act like a switch rather than an amplifier, and this can cause harmonic distortion.
3. Load impedance: The load impedance (the resistance and reactance of the circuit being driven by the amplifier) can affect the amount of harmonic distortion present in the output signal. If the load impedance is not matched to the amplifier, it can cause the transistor to operate in a nonlinear region, leading to harmonic distortion.
4. Noise and interference: Noise and interference in the circuit can also cause harmonic distortion in the output signal. This can be caused by external sources (such as power line noise or radio frequency interference) or by internal sources (such as transistor noise or stray capacitance).

1. Lead-acid batteries: These are commonly used in vehicles and are made up of lead-based electrodes and a sulfuric acid electrolyte.
2. Nickel-cadmium batteries: These are commonly used in portable electronic devices and are made up of nickel and cadmium electrodes and a potassium hydroxide electrolyte.
3. Nickel-metal-hydride batteries: These are similar to nickel-cadmium batteries, but use a different type of negative electrode (metal hydride instead of cadmium) and a different electrolyte (sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide).
4. Lithium-ion batteries: These are commonly used in portable electronic devices and are made up of lithium-based electrodes and a lithium-salt electrolyte.
5. Lithium-polymer batteries: These are similar to lithium-ion batteries, but use a different type of electrolyte (a polymer gel instead of a lithium salt) and are more flexible in terms of shape.
6. Alkaline batteries: These are commonly used in household devices and are made up of zinc and manganese dioxide electrodes and an alkaline electrolyte (usually potassium hydroxide).

1. If one load in a parallel circuit fails or is disconnected, the other loads will continue to function because they are connected to the power source through separate paths.
2. The voltage across each load in a parallel circuit is the same, so the loads can operate at their optimal voltage and function properly.
3. The total resistance of a parallel circuit is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances. This means that the total resistance of a parallel circuit is generally lower than any of the individual resistances, resulting in a higher overall current flow and increased power delivered to the loads.
4. It is possible to independently control the current flowing through each load in a parallel circuit by adjusting the resistance of each load. This allows for more precise control over the operation of the circuit

i. To find the magnetic field strength, we can use the formula B = u0 * n * I / l, where B is the magnetic field strength, u0 is the permeability of free space, n is the number of turns in the coil, I is the current in the coil, and l is the length of the magnetic circuit. Plugging in the values given, we get B = (4pi10^-7 Tm/A) * 3000 turns * 0.1 A / 30 cm = 4.210^-4 T.

ii. To find the magnetic flux density, we can use the formula B = u0 * n * I / (A * l), where B is the magnetic flux density, u0 is the permeability of free space, n is the number of turns in the coil, I is the current in the coil, A is the cross-sectional area of the coil, and l is the length of the magnetic circuit. Plugging in the values given, we get B = (4pi10^-7 Tm/A) * 3000 turns * 0.1 A / (4 cm^2 * 30 cm) = 3.110^-3 T.