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State the use of each of the following equipment: i) ranging rod; ii) optical square; iii) steel tape; iv) abney level; v) levelling staff.(5 marks)June/July 2020
(i) Ranging rod: A ranging rod is a long, slender rod that is used in surveying to mark the location of points on the ground. It is typically marked with horizontal and vertical lines or other markings, and it is used to line up the survey instrument with the point being measured. (ii) Optical squarRead more
(i) Ranging rod: A ranging rod is a long, slender rod that is used in surveying to mark the location of points on the ground. It is typically marked with horizontal and vertical lines or other markings, and it is used to line up the survey instrument with the point being measured.
(ii) Optical square: An optical square is a surveying instrument that is used to measure angles and distances. It consists of a small telescope mounted on a tripod, and it is used to sight on objects or points in the distance and measure their distance and angle relative to the instrument.
(iii) Steel tape: A steel tape is a long, narrow strip of steel or other metal that is used to measure distances. It is typically marked with graduations or other markings to allow precise measurements to be taken. Steel tapes are often used in surveying and construction to measure distances and dimensions.
(iv) Abney level: An Abney level is a surveying instrument that is used to measure the slope or incline of a surface. It consists of a small telescope mounted on a handle, and it is used to sight on objects or points in the distance and measure the angle of the slope.
(v) Levelling staff: A levelling staff is a long, slender rod that is used in surveying to determine the elevation of points on the ground. It is typically marked with graduations or other markings that allow precise measurements to be taken, and it is used in conjunction with a levelling instrument, such as a transit or theodolite.
See lessExplain the three temporary adjustment of a dumpy level.(6 marks)June/July 2020
A dumpy level is a surveying instrument that is used to determine the elevation of points on the ground. It consists of a telescope mounted on a tripod, and it is leveled by adjusting the tripod legs until the bubble in the level vial is centered. To make a temporary adjustment to a dumpy level, theRead more
A dumpy level is a surveying instrument that is used to determine the elevation of points on the ground. It consists of a telescope mounted on a tripod, and it is leveled by adjusting the tripod legs until the bubble in the level vial is centered. To make a temporary adjustment to a dumpy level, the surveyor will need to make small adjustments to the position of the instrument to account for any deviations from true level. This process is known as “setting the level.”
Here is the general procedure for making a temporary adjustment to a dumpy level:
Outline the procedure of chain surveying.(6 marks)June/July 2020
Chain surveying is a method of land surveying that involves the use of a chain and a series of measurements taken with a tape measure or other linear measuring device. It is typically used for relatively small or simple surveying projects, such as boundary surveys or construction surveys. Here is anRead more
Chain surveying is a method of land surveying that involves the use of a chain and a series of measurements taken with a tape measure or other linear measuring device. It is typically used for relatively small or simple surveying projects, such as boundary surveys or construction surveys. Here is an outline of the procedure for chain surveying:
Explain each of the following types of survey: (i) cadastral survey; (ii) engineering survey; (iii) topographical survey; (iv) aerial survey.(8 marks)June/July 2020
(i) Cadastral survey: A cadastral survey is a survey that is conducted to establish, mark, and record the boundaries of a piece of land. It involves mapping the land and creating a record of the legal description, ownership, and use of the land. Cadastral surveys are often conducted in connection wiRead more
(i) Cadastral survey: A cadastral survey is a survey that is conducted to establish, mark, and record the boundaries of a piece of land. It involves mapping the land and creating a record of the legal description, ownership, and use of the land. Cadastral surveys are often conducted in connection with the sale or transfer of land, or to resolve boundary disputes.
(ii) Engineering survey: An engineering survey is a survey that is conducted to gather data for the design, construction, and maintenance of engineering projects, such as roads, bridges, and buildings. It involves the measurement and mapping of physical features, such as the topography, soil conditions, and utilities, to provide information that is needed to plan and execute the project.
(iii) Topographical survey: A topographical survey is a survey that is conducted to create a detailed map of the features of a piece of land, including its natural and man-made features. It involves the measurement and mapping of the elevation, shape, and contours of the land, as well as the location of objects such as buildings, trees, and utilities.
(iv) Aerial survey: An aerial survey is a survey that is conducted from the air, using aircraft or other aerial platforms. It involves the collection of data from overhead photographs or other remote sensing methods, and is often used to create large-scale maps or to monitor and assess large areas of land. Aerial surveys can be used for a variety of purposes, including mapping, land use planning, resource management, and environmental monitoring.
See lessDefine each of the following terms as used in levelling: (i) back sight; (ii) vertical line; (iii)reduced level; (iv) temporary benchmark.(6 marks)June/July 2020
(i) Back sight: A back sight is a measurement taken with a leveling instrument, such as a transit or theodolite, that establishes the starting point for a series of level readings. It is taken by aiming the instrument at a known point of reference, such as a benchmark or previous sight point, and meRead more
(i) Back sight: A back sight is a measurement taken with a leveling instrument, such as a transit or theodolite, that establishes the starting point for a series of level readings. It is taken by aiming the instrument at a known point of reference, such as a benchmark or previous sight point, and measuring the vertical angle to that point.
(ii) Vertical line: A vertical line is a line that is perpendicular to the horizon, or parallel to the direction of gravity. In levelling, a vertical line is established by sighting through a leveling instrument and adjusting the instrument until it is level.
(iii) Reduced level: Reduced level, also known as relative level, is the vertical distance between a point on the ground and a reference level, such as mean sea level. In levelling, reduced levels are determined by taking a series of level readings from a known starting point and using them to calculate the elevations of other points on the ground.
(iv) Temporary benchmark: A temporary benchmark is a temporary reference point used in levelling to establish a known elevation. It may be a small stake or rod driven into the ground, or a mark on a wall or other permanent structure. Temporary benchmarks are typically used in situations where a permanent benchmark is not available or is not suitable for use.
See lessDescribe a standard dumper.June/July 2020
A dumper, also known as a dump truck or tipper truck, is a heavy-duty vehicle used for transporting loose materials such as sand, gravel, dirt, and construction debris. It typically consists of a cab for the driver, a large, open-topped bed for carrying the materials, and a set of wheels or tracks.Read more
A dumper, also known as a dump truck or tipper truck, is a heavy-duty vehicle used for transporting loose materials such as sand, gravel, dirt, and construction debris. It typically consists of a cab for the driver, a large, open-topped bed for carrying the materials, and a set of wheels or tracks. The bed is mounted on a hydraulic system that allows it to be tilted upwards, allowing the material to be dumped out of the back of the vehicle.
Standard dumpers are typically designed to carry loads of between 10 and 30 tons, and they come in a variety of sizes and configurations to suit different needs. They may be powered by diesel or gasoline engines, and they may be equipped with features such as all-wheel drive, four-wheel steering, and off-road capabilities.
In operation, the driver first loads the dumper with the material to be transported. The bed is then tilted upwards using the hydraulic controls, and the material is dumped out of the back of the vehicle at the desired location. The bed is then lowered back into place, and the dumper is ready to be loaded again.
See lessState four factors that determine the output of excavating plant.June/July 2020
There are several factors that can affect the output of an excavating plant, including: Type of equipment: Different types of excavating equipment, such as backhoes and bulldozers, have different capabilities and can handle different volumes of material. Operator skill: The skill and experience of tRead more
There are several factors that can affect the output of an excavating plant, including:
Explain the function of a foundation.(3 marks)June/July 2020
The foundation of a building or structure is the part of the structure that bears the weight of the rest of the building and transfers it to the ground. Its main function is to provide a stable and secure base for the building, ensuring that it is able to withstand the forces acting on it, such as tRead more
The foundation of a building or structure is the part of the structure that bears the weight of the rest of the building and transfers it to the ground. Its main function is to provide a stable and secure base for the building, ensuring that it is able to withstand the forces acting on it, such as the weight of the building, wind, and earthquakes. The foundation also helps to anchor the building to the ground, preventing it from shifting or settling unevenly. The type and design of the foundation will depend on the soil conditions, the climate, and the size and type of the building.
See lessState four requirements of anti termite chemicals.(4 marks)June/July 2020
Anti-termite chemicals are used to protect buildings and other structures from damage caused by termites. Here are some requirements that these chemicals should meet: Effectiveness: The chemical should be able to effectively kill or repel termites and prevent them from infesting the treated area. SaRead more
Anti-termite chemicals are used to protect buildings and other structures from damage caused by termites. Here are some requirements that these chemicals should meet:
Explain the significance of a good site layout.(4 marks)June/July 2020
A good site layout is important for several reasons: Efficiency: A well-designed site layout can help to optimize the use of space, reducing the time and resources needed for construction or development. Safety: A good site layout helps to minimize the risk of accidents and injuries by ensuring thatRead more
A good site layout is important for several reasons: