describe the following metal joining processes: i. riveting ii. bolting.

i. Riveting is a metal joining process in which two or more metal parts are permanently joined together by the use of a rivet. A rivet is a cylindrical rod with a head at one end and a tail at the other end. To join the parts using riveting, the tail of the rivet is inserted through a hole in one of the parts and the head is formed on the other side, using a hammer or a rivet gun. The head of the rivet is then upset or deformed to secure the parts together. Riveting is a strong and durable method of joining metal parts, and it is often used in the construction of aircraft, ships, and other structures where high strength is required.

ii. Bolting is a metal joining process in which two or more metal parts are permanently joined together by the use of a bolt, a nut, and a washer. A bolt is a long, cylindrical rod with a thread at one end and a head at the other end. To join the parts using bolting, the bolt is inserted through a hole in one of the parts and the nut is tightened on the other side, using a wrench or a torque tool. The washer is placed between the parts to distribute the clamping force and to prevent damage to the parts. Bolting is a strong and reliable method of joining metal parts, and it is often used in the construction of machinery and other equipment where high strength and reliability are required.