define i. peak inverse voltage ii. ripple factor with respect to dc power supply

I. Peak inverse voltage (PIV): The peak inverse voltage (PIV) of a dc power supply is the maximum voltage that can be applied to the reverse-biased diode in a rectifier circuit without breaking down and conducting current. The PIV is an important specification for a dc power supply, as it determines the maximum voltage that can be handled by the rectifier circuit.

II. Ripple factor: The ripple factor of a dc power supply is a measure of the amount of fluctuation or “ripple” in the dc output voltage. It is defined as the ratio of the root-mean-square (RMS) value of the ripple voltage to the average dc output voltage. The ripple factor is typically expressed as a percentage and is an important parameter for evaluating the quality of a dc power supply. A lower ripple factor indicates a smoother, more stable dc output voltage, while a higher ripple factor indicates a greater amount of fluctuation in the output voltage