state the direction of electronics and holes inside the materials
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The direction of electronics and holes inside a material depends on the type of material and the conditions it is subjected to.
In an electrical conductor, such as a metal, the electrons are free to move and can flow through the material in response to an applied electric field. The direction of electron flow is opposite to the direction of the applied electric field.
In an electrical insulator, such as a rubber or plastic, the electrons are not free to move and cannot conduct an electric current. However, under certain conditions, such as when the material is subjected to high voltage or intense light, the electrons may become excited and jump from their normal energy levels to higher energy levels. This leaves behind positively charged “holes” in the material, which can move in response to an applied electric field. The direction of hole flow is the same as the direction of the applied electric field.
Overall, the direction of electronics and holes inside a material depends on the type of material and the conditions it is subjected to. In a conductor, the electrons flow in the opposite direction of the applied electric field, while in an insulator, the holes flow in the same direction as the applied electric field.