explain i. hardness ii. malleability properties of engineering materials

i. Hardness is a measure of a material’s resistance to deformation, indentation, and scratching. It is an important property of engineering materials because it determines the material’s ability to withstand wear and tear and to maintain its shape and dimensional accuracy under load. Hard materials are often used for cutting and wear-resistant applications, while softer materials may be more suitable for applications that require flexibility or shock absorption.

ii. Malleability is a measure of a material’s ability to be deformed or shaped without breaking or cracking. Materials that are highly malleable can be easily formed or shaped by hammering, rolling, or pressing, while materials that are not very malleable are more brittle and tend to break or crack under these types of deformations. Malleability is an important property of engineering materials because it determines the material’s suitability for certain manufacturing processes, such as forging or stamping. Materials that are highly malleable are often used in the manufacturing of parts that require precise shapes or intricate details, such as jewelry or coins.