Surveying I And Workshop Technology I (Mechanical)

i) Facing: Facing is a machining process that is used to create a flat surface on the end of a workpiece. On a lathe, facing is typically done by using a single-point cutting tool that is mounted on the lathe’s tool post. The tool is moved across the face of the workpiece to remove material and create a flat surface.

ii) Boring: Boring is a machining process that is used to create a hole with a precise diameter and depth. On a lathe, boring is typically done by using a single-point cutting tool that is mounted on the lathe’s tool post. The tool is moved into the workpiece to remove material and create the desired hole.

iii) Reaming: Reaming is a machining process that is used to smooth and finish the walls of a hole that has already been created. On a lathe, reaming is typically done by using a reamer, which is a specialized cutting tool that is mounted on the lathe’s tool post. The reamer is rotated and moved into the hole to remove any burrs or roughness and create a smooth finish.

iv) Knurling: Knurling is a machining process that is used to create a pattern of raised ridges on the surface of a workpiece. On a lathe, knurling is typically done by using a knurling tool, which is a specialized tool that is mounted on the lathe’s tool post. The tool is rotated and pressed into the workpiece to create the desired pattern of ridges.

Here are some maintenance practices for hand tools:

1. Cleaning: Hand tools should be kept clean at all times to ensure that they are in good working order. This can be done by wiping them down with a clean cloth or using a compressed air duster to remove any dirt or debris.
2. Sharpening: If a tool becomes dull, it should be sharpened to restore its cutting edge. This can be done using a sharpening stone or other tool sharpening equipment.
3. Oil and lubricate: Hand tools that have moving parts, such as pliers or wrenches, should be oiled or lubricated to ensure smooth operation. This can be done using a lubricant or oil specifically designed for use on hand tools.
4. Repairing: If a hand tool becomes damaged, it should be repaired or replaced to ensure that it is safe to use. This can involve fixing a broken handle, replacing a worn out blade, or other repairs as needed.
5. Storing properly: Hand tools should be stored properly to ensure that they are protected from damage. This can involve hanging them up on a tool rack or storing them in a toolbox. It is important to keep hand tools organized and in a convenient location so that they are easy to access when needed.

There are several factors that should be considered when selecting a pump, including:

1. The type of fluid being pumped: Different pumps are designed to handle different types of fluids, so it is important to choose a pump that is compatible with the fluid being pumped.
2. The required flow rate: The pump needs to be able to deliver the required flow rate to meet the needs of the system.
3. The required pressure: The pump needs to be able to deliver the required pressure to meet the needs of the system.
4. The system head: The pump needs to be able to deliver the required flow rate and pressure against the system head, which is the resistance to flow in the system.
5. The available space: The pump needs to fit in the available space and be easy to install and maintain.
6. The cost: The cost of the pump should be considered, as well as the ongoing maintenance costs.
7. The reliability and durability: It is important to choose a pump that is reliable and durable to minimize downtime and maintenance costs.

Some precautions that should be observed when lifting heavy objects manually in a workshop include:

1. Assessing the load: Make sure that the load is stable and that it can be safely lifted by the number of people available.
2. Wearing appropriate protective equipment: Wear gloves to protect your hands, and wear shoes with good grip to prevent slipping.
3. Getting a good grip: Make sure that you have a good grip on the object before you start lifting.
4. Using proper lifting techniques: Keep the load close to your body, bend your knees, and lift with your legs. Avoid twisting your body or lifting with your back.
5. Asking for help: If the load is too heavy to lift safely on your own, ask for help from a coworker.
6. Maintaining good posture: Keep your back straight and avoid bending or leaning too far forward or backward while lifting.
7. Keeping the load clear of obstructions: Make sure that the path is clear before you start lifting, and avoid swinging the load around.
8. Keeping the load under control: Hold the load securely and avoid dropping it or letting it swing out of control.

The Health and Safety Act is a law that sets out the obligations of employers and employees to ensure the health and safety of workers in the workplace. Here are some of the obligations of company owners and employees in relation to this act:

Company owners:

• Develop and implement a health and safety policy: Company owners are required to develop and implement a written health and safety policy that outlines their commitments and procedures for protecting the health and safety of their workers.
• Provide a safe and healthy work environment: Company owners are required to ensure that the work environment is safe and healthy for workers, and to take steps to prevent accidents and injuries. This may include providing necessary safety equipment and training, conducting risk assessments, and maintaining safe working conditions.
• Communicate health and safety information to workers: Company owners are required to provide workers with information about potential health and safety hazards and the measures that are in place to protect them. This may include providing safety instructions, posting warning signs, and holding safety meetings.
• Report accidents and injuries: Company owners are required to report all accidents and injuries that occur in the workplace to the appropriate authorities.

Employees:

• Follow safety procedures: Employees are required to follow the safety procedures and instructions provided by their employer, and to use any necessary safety equipment.
• Report hazards and accidents: Employees are required to report any hazards or accidents that they observe in the workplace to their supervisor or the health and safety officer.
• Participate in safety training: Employees are required to participate in safety training provided by their employer, and to learn about the potential hazards and the measures in place to protect them.
• Cooperate with health and safety efforts: Employees are required to cooperate with their employer’s efforts to promote health and safety in the workplace, and to follow any reasonable instructions or requests related to health and safety.