Explain the following methods of settling industrial disputes: (i) collective bargaining; (ii) conciliation.(9 marks)June/July 2020

(i) Collective bargaining: Collective bargaining is a process in which a union and an employer negotiate the terms and conditions of employment, such as wages, benefits, working hours, and job duties. This process is typically conducted through negotiations between the two parties, with the goal of reaching an agreement that is mutually beneficial. Collective bargaining is often used as a method of settling industrial disputes, as it allows both parties to come to an agreement without the need for external intervention.

(ii) Conciliation: Conciliation is a process in which an unbiased third party, known as a conciliator, assists the parties in resolving their dispute. The conciliator does not have the authority to make decisions or impose solutions, but rather works with the parties to facilitate communication and understanding, and helps them to find a mutually acceptable resolution. Conciliation is often used as a method of settling industrial disputes, as it allows the parties to come to an agreement in a more informal and less adversarial setting.